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Arabic Infancy Gospel

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The Rest on the Flight into Egypt, painting by Paris Bordone, circa 1530: In 2015, French art historian Anne Corneloup claimed that it illustrated a specific episode from the Infancy Gospel.[1]

The Arabic Infancy Gospel is a New Testament apocryphal writing concerning the infancy of Jesus. It may have been compiled as early as the sixth century, and was partly based on the Infancy Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of James, and the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, though much of it is also based on oral tradition. The only two surviving manuscripts date from 1299 AD and the 15th/16th century in Arabic.[2][3][4] They were copied in the area of northern Iraq and show influence from the Quran.[5][6]

The Arabic Infancy Gospel is related to an older East Syriac work titled the History of the Virgin, as it is either an Arabic translation of it[7] or both of them are derived from a common source that might be identified as a Syriac language Infancy Gospel dating to the sixth century or earlier.[8] Both versions feature scenes of the baby Jesus working miracles in common settings. In both texts, Mary helps to bring about the circumstances from which these miracles take place in.[9]

Contents

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It consists of three parts:

  1. The birth of Jesus – based on the Protevangelium of James
  2. Miracles during the Flight into Egypt – seemingly based on nothing more than local traditions
  3. The miracles of Jesus as a boy – based on the Infancy Gospel of Thomas

It contains a number of embellishments on the earlier text, however, including a diaper (of Jesus) that heals people, sweat (of Jesus) that turns into balm, curing leprosy, and dyeing cloth varied colours using only indigo dye. It also claims earlier encounters for Jesus with Judas Iscariot, and with the thieves with whom he is later crucified, as well as being one of the earliest documents.

Dating

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Although this Gospel is thought to have originated from Syriac sources dating back to the fifth or sixth century,[10] it has become known to European readers by way of an Arabic version published by Henry Sike in 1697 together with a Latin translation.[11] The preface to the William Hone translation states, "It was received by the Gnostics, a sect of Christians in the second century..."[12] The earliest known mention of the Gospel was by Isho'dad of Merv, a ninth-century Syrian church father, in his biblical commentary concerning the Gospel of Matthew. The narrative of the Arabic Infancy Gospel, particularly the second part concerning the miracles in Egypt, can also be found in the Quran. Some critical scholarship claim its presence in the Qu'ran may be due to the influence the Gospel had among the Arabs. It is not known for certain that the Gospel was present in the Hejaz, but it can be seen as likely.[13] However, according to Islamic scholars the Gospel was translated into Arabic in the post-Islamic period due to the difficulty that 16th century Europeans would have in translating early Arabic's defective script into Latin as well as the extreme rarity of written texts in Pre-Islamic Arabia.[14] Most recent research in the field of Islamic studies by Sydney Griffith et al. (2013), David D. Grafton (2014), Clair Wilde (2014) & ML Hjälm et al. (2016 & 2017) assert that "all one can say about the possibility of a pre-Islamic, Christian version of the Gospel in Arabic is that no sure sign of its actual existence has yet emerged."[15][16][17][18][19] Additionally ML Hjälm in her most recent research (2017) inserts that "manuscripts containing translations of the gospels are encountered no earlier than the year 873".[20] However, according to scholars such as Gabriel S. Reynolds, it doesn't necessarily means that the transmissions have to come from written sources, but rather from Jewish and Christian sources that circulated orally in late antique near east.[21]

Quranic parallels

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Historians working in Quranic studies have discussed a parallel between the Arabic Infancy Gospel and the Quran (Surah 19:29–34) where Jesus speaks from the cradle, though the question of priority between the two is unresolved.

Arabic Infancy Gospel 2: "He has said that Jesus spoke, and, indeed, when He was lying in His cradle said to Mary His mother: I am Jesus, the Son of God, the Logos, whom thou hast brought forth, as the Angel Gabriel announced to thee; and my Father has sent me for the salvation of the world."[22]

Surah 19:29–34: "But she pointed to the babe. They said: "How can we talk to one who is a child in the cradle?" He said: "I am indeed a servant of Allah: He hath given me revelation and made me a prophet; And He hath made me blessed wheresoever I be, and hath enjoined on me Prayer and Charity as long as I live; (He) hath made me kind to my mother, and not overbearing or miserable; So peace is on me the day I was born, the day that I die, and the day that I shall be raised up to life (again)"! Such (was) Jesus the son of Mary: (it is) a statement of truth, about which they (vainly) dispute.[23]

Zoroastrian connection

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The third chapter of this Gospel covers the story of the wise men of the East, which, in some respects, closely follows the version of the story from Matthew. Unlike Matthew, however, this account cites Zoradascht (Zoroaster) as the source of the prophecy that motivated the wise men to seek the infant Jesus.[24]

Editions

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Two major editions of the Arabic Infancy Gospel have been published. The earlier one was by Heinrich Sike in 1697, based on a manuscript he used from the fifteenth century. The second was by Mario E. Provera using a manuscript from 1299.[25]

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Roy, Alain (June 2017). De Giotto à Goya. Peintures italiennes et espagnoles du musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg. Musées de la ville de Strasbourg. p. 129. ISBN 978-2-35125-151-5.
  2. ^ Wittka, Gerd (17 January 2003). Die Weihnachtsverkundigung in den apokryphen Kindheitsevangelien. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 9783640057474. 3.2.1 Genese des Evangeliums: "Es liegt in zwei arabischen Handschriften vor" translation: "There are two handwritten manuscripts in arabic"
  3. ^ "Arabic Infancy Gospel // 3.1. Manuscripts". 5 February 2016. MS 2: Florence, Biblioteca Laurenziana, codex orientalis 387 [32], fols. 2r–48v (from the year 1299 AD)
  4. ^ "Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodl. Or. 350". 30 December 2018. Date: estimated 15th/16th century
  5. ^ Schneider, Gerhard (1995). Evangelia infantiae apokrypha – Apokryphe Kindheitsevangelien. Freiburg. pp. See p. 53 and following.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ Wittka, Gerd (17 January 2003). Die Weihnachtsverkündigung in den apokryphen Kindheitsevangelien. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 9783640057474. 3.2.1 Genese des Evangeliums: "Die verschiedenen Handschriften wurden wohl im Raum des heutigen türkischen Kurdistans und des Nordiraks verfaßt und sind gekennzeichnet durch Einflüsse des Korans" //transl. "The several handwritings were composed in the land of (modern day) Turkish Kurdistan and northern Iraq and show influences from the Quran" {{cite book}}: External link in |quote= (help)
  7. ^ Burke, Tony. “Arabic Infancy Gospel.” e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha. Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR.[1]
  8. ^ Burke 2019, p. 43.
  9. ^ Horn 2020, p. 108–109.
  10. ^ Elliott, J.K. (1993). The Apocryphal New Testament : A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation: A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation. Oxford University Press, UK. ISBN 9780191520327.
  11. ^ Henry Sike (1697). Evangelium infantiae, vel Liber apocryphus de infantia Servatoris ex manuscripto edidit, ac latina versione et notis illustravit Henricus Sike. apud Franciscum Halmam, Guiljelmum vande Water.
  12. ^ Hone, William. "The Apocryphal Books of the New Testament". archive.org. Gebbie & Co., 1890. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  13. ^ The Other Bible, Willis Barnstone, HarperSanFrancisco, P.407
  14. ^ "Is The Bible Really The Source Of The Qur'an?". islamic-awareness.org. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  15. ^ Sidney H Griffith, "The Gospel In Arabic: An Enquiry Into Its Appearance In The First Abbasid Century", Oriens Christianus, Volume 69, p. 166. "All one can say about the possibility of a pre-Islamic, Christian version of the Gospel in Arabic is that no sure sign of its actual existence has yet emerged.
  16. ^ Grafton, David D (2014). The identity and witness of Arab pre-Islamic Arab Christianity: The Arabic language and the Bible. Christianity [...] did not penetrate into the lives of the Arabs primarily because the monks did not translate the Bible into the vernacular and inculcate Arab culture with biblical values and tradition. Trimingham's argument serves as an example of the Western Protestant assumptions outlined in the introduction of this article. The earliest Arabic biblical texts clearly can only be dated to the 9th century at the earliest, that is after the coming of Islam.
  17. ^ Sidney H. Griffith, The Bible in Arabic: The Scriptures of the 'People of the Book' in the Language of Islam. Jews, Christians and Muslims from the Ancient to the Modern World, Princeton University Press, 2013, pp242- 247 ff.
  18. ^ The Arabic Bible before Islam – Clare Wilde on Sidney H. Griffith's The Bible in Arabic. June 2014.
  19. ^ Hjälm, ML (2017). Senses of Scripture, Treasures of Tradition: The Bible in Arabic Among Jews, Christians and Muslims. Brill. 2017. ISBN 9789004347168.
  20. ^ Hjälm, ML (2017). Senses of Scripture, Treasures of Tradition, The Bible in Arabic among Jews, Christians and Muslims (Biblia Arabica) (English and Arabic ed.). Brill. 2017. ISBN 9789004347168. By contrast, manuscripts containing translations of the gospels are encountered no earlier then the year 873 (Ms. Sinai. N.F. parch. 14 & 16)
  21. ^ Reynolds 2017, p. 314.
  22. ^ "The Arabic Infancy Gospel". wesley.nnu.edu. Archived from the original on 27 September 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  23. ^ "CRCC: Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement: Resources: Religious Texts". Archived from the original on 2010-12-05. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
  24. ^ Hone, William. "The Apocryphal Books of the New Testament". Archive.org. Gebbie & Co., Publishers, Philadelphia. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  25. ^ Schroter 2021, p. 25–26.

Sources

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  • Burke, Tony (2019). "Mary in the Apocrypha". In Maunder, Chris (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Mary. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–53.
  • Horn, Cornelia (2020). "The Power of Leadership through Mediation, or How Mary Exercises Overlapping Authority". In Beavis, Mary Ann; Kateusz, Ally (eds.). Rediscovering the Marys: Maria, Mariamne, Miriam. Bloomsbury. pp. 99–112.
  • Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2017). "Biblical Background". In Rippin, Andrew; Mojaddedi, Jawid (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 303–319.
  • Schroter, Jens (2021). The Apocryphal Gospels: Jesus Traditions Outside the Bible. Cascade Books.

Further reading

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  • New Testament Apocrypha, vol. 1, Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1963
  • Elliott, James K. The Apocryphal New Testament: A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
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